Chapter OBjectives
1. List the factors that contributed to Britain gain the early lead in industrialization. (Alex)
They started earlier. They did not allow exporting of machinery, ideas, or skilled workers. Their country could have the abundant land, craft skills, and investment capital.
2. Explain the mechanisms that drive capitalism. (Alex)
Cotton textiles were the major factory made product during the early stages of industrialization. With Factories they could start to mass produce products. Eli Whitney created the cotton gin and invented the interchangeable parts technique. This idea allowed less skilled workers to produce the products just as effectively as skilled workers. In 1913 Henry Ford improved manufacturing when he introduced the assembly line to automobile production. This improved building time dramatically. Large private corporations were being created at this time that were being funded by individuals who owned stock of the company. When a corporation flourished the individuals would be getting a lot of money. If a corporation went bankrupt the individuals were protected. For this reason corporations were very attractive for investors.
3. Summarize how inventions in the cotton industry illustrate the development of the industrial revolution. (Allysa Garza)
5. Describe how the shift to the factory system applied stress on traditional society. (Allysa Garza)
6. Trace the global spread of industrialism .
Industrialization started in Great Britain and for. Half a century, they kept it in their own country because they wanted to stay ahead. Great Britain's head start ended because businessmen would sell off to different counties and businessmen would bribe or kidnap workers. Industrialization spread to France, Germany, Belgium, and the US. Later industrialization went into Canada.
7. Analyze how population pressures had an impact on disease, mortality rates, migration and living standards. (Laura Taylor & Lisa Desper)
8. Describe the impact the industrial revolution had on social structures, gender roles, and family life. (Laura Taylor)
Laissez-faire capitalism is a system in which government and economy are by independent. Popularized by Adam Smith, "Laissez-faire" means to "let do as they choose." Laiez-faire capitalism is opposed by many older governments as it limits the government's power.Government took a much stronger hands-off approach in the situation of the economy, leaving more power in the people, letting them choose how they want to run the economy. Government regulation declined in Laissez-faire capitalism.
10. Describe Marxism. - Haven
11. Summarize the global effects of Industrialism especially Japan and Russia.
-The Russian government promoted industrialization because they thought the use of railroads would be beneficial
-Many railroads were built throughout Russia, but the most important one was the trans-Siberian line that connected Moscow with a part of Vladivostock
-When Count Sergei Witte became a finance minister, he encouraged the reformation of commercial law that protected industries and supported the building of engineering schools
-He allowed foreign investors to come to Russia and inform the Russians about capitalism
-And by the time the 1900's came around, Russia was already producing half of the worlds oil
-They had a great reputation for steel production, in fact they were ranked fourth in the world
-Russia also had a large coal and iron industry
-The Japanese government hired thousands of foreign people to come and teach the Japanese people techniques about modern industry
- The government also decided it would be best to establish new businesses and schools that specialized in technology
-Railroads were constructed, mines were opened, a banking system was created and industries were producing ships, weapons, silk, cotton and chemicals
-Once businesses had been opened, the government would sell them to entrepreneurs that wanted to build on the businesses and turn them into big industrial empires.
-These industrial empires were called zaibatsu (similar to trusts and cartels)
-In the beginning of the 1900's, Japan was the most technologically advanced and industrialized land in Asia
They started earlier. They did not allow exporting of machinery, ideas, or skilled workers. Their country could have the abundant land, craft skills, and investment capital.
2. Explain the mechanisms that drive capitalism. (Alex)
Cotton textiles were the major factory made product during the early stages of industrialization. With Factories they could start to mass produce products. Eli Whitney created the cotton gin and invented the interchangeable parts technique. This idea allowed less skilled workers to produce the products just as effectively as skilled workers. In 1913 Henry Ford improved manufacturing when he introduced the assembly line to automobile production. This improved building time dramatically. Large private corporations were being created at this time that were being funded by individuals who owned stock of the company. When a corporation flourished the individuals would be getting a lot of money. If a corporation went bankrupt the individuals were protected. For this reason corporations were very attractive for investors.
3. Summarize how inventions in the cotton industry illustrate the development of the industrial revolution. (Allysa Garza)
- Cotton became extremely popular because it was lighter, easier to wash and quicker to dry than wool
- Was the main cloth worn in Europe
- Due to cotton increasing in demand it motivated people to come up with inventions that would make the making of clothing faster
- John Kay created the Flying Shuttle which speed up the weaving process and created an increasing demand for thread
- Samuel Crompton created the “Mule” which wove and threaded at a higher quality than any human could do
- These spinning machines created and imbalance of manufacturing because weavers could not keep up with the production of thread
- Due to this inventors turned their attention to weaving
- All of the inventions created more job openings and supported the economy
- Cotton was 40% of Britain's exports
- Helped drive machines to be able to work
- Steam engines could burn coal and boil water which would then create steam.
- Steam engines were especially prominent in the textile industry
- Provided and improved transportation
- Powered steamships
- Had the capacity to carry huge cargoes
- Railroads and Steamships lowered transportation costs
- Improved the economy
5. Describe how the shift to the factory system applied stress on traditional society. (Allysa Garza)
- Involved ten people
- Replaced the putting out system
- Allowed the managers to make sure that work flowed through a series of steps on schedule
- Mangers could impose very strict rules
- Led to the emergence of the owner class
- The owner class financed equipment and machinery that was too expensive for workers to acquire
- Fluctuations in weather no longer dictated work routines, now it relied on clocks, machines and shop rules to establish new rhythms of work
- They rarely had break time and no time to socialize
- Workers were punished if they did not meet expectations
6. Trace the global spread of industrialism .
Industrialization started in Great Britain and for. Half a century, they kept it in their own country because they wanted to stay ahead. Great Britain's head start ended because businessmen would sell off to different counties and businessmen would bribe or kidnap workers. Industrialization spread to France, Germany, Belgium, and the US. Later industrialization went into Canada.
7. Analyze how population pressures had an impact on disease, mortality rates, migration and living standards. (Laura Taylor & Lisa Desper)
- Disease
- With the industry came improvements in sanitation and diets causing epidemics to decrease. Disease went down which caused a jump in population growth due to lower mortality rates due to disease.
- Mortality Rates
- Before industry: fertility rate was high but famines and epidemics created a high mortality rate especially in young children.
- During and after industry: still high birth rate but the death rate in both children and adults lowered due to better diets and improved disease control.
- Fertility rates began to decline but the mortality rate fell faster than it. There was a lower population growth which caused relative demographic stability.
- Migration
- Rapid population growth in Europe caused migration to America. Many of the migrants stayed, causing an extreme demographic growth.
- Living Standards
- During the nineteenth century, government authorities began to fix the city living standards. This includes fixing the water conditions, housing, and improved sanitation. This also helped eliminate diseases and made the city more livable.
8. Describe the impact the industrial revolution had on social structures, gender roles, and family life. (Laura Taylor)
- Social Structure
- Upper class: industry and enterprising businessmen.
- Middle class: small business owners, factory managers, engineers, accountants, skilled employees, and professionals.
- Working class: laborers in factories and mines (tended the machines or provided heavy labor).
- Family Life
- Before industry: the family was the basic productive unit and they all worked together to contribute to the welfare of the larger group.
- During and after industry: economic production went outside of the home, separation between work and family life, family members led separate lives.
- Men
- Few men: owners or factory managers.
- Majority: workers of the owners or factory managers.
- Family income was mainly from the men's wages so upper and middle class men had increased prestige at home.
- Free time (upper and middle class): read books, attend business or cultural themed lectures, try to put their values into the industrial work force and try to discipline the workers.
- Workers resisted discipline standards (took "Holy Monday").
- Free time (lower and working class): went to sporting events (European soccer or American baseball), gambled, socialized at bars and pubs, and did dog and chicken fights.
- Women
- Before industry: women worked long hours in agricultural or domestic manufacturing close or at home.
- During and after industry: women couldn't work at home or nearby so if they wanted to work they would have to leave their children in another person's care.
- Women authors described the perfect British woman by saying they should know that domestic work is their life, know that independence in unfeminine, and know that women are lesser than men and should take pride in it.
- Increase in need for women domestic servants in the middle class.
- Children
- Before industry: children worked with family in and around the house.
- During and after industry: kids were forced to work in factories even though there was huge abuse because family needed wages. In the 1840s the British Parliament passed child labor limitation laws and eventually removed child labor.
Laissez-faire capitalism is a system in which government and economy are by independent. Popularized by Adam Smith, "Laissez-faire" means to "let do as they choose." Laiez-faire capitalism is opposed by many older governments as it limits the government's power.Government took a much stronger hands-off approach in the situation of the economy, leaving more power in the people, letting them choose how they want to run the economy. Government regulation declined in Laissez-faire capitalism.
10. Describe Marxism. - Haven
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were two of the most prominent nineteenth-century socialists.
- Marx and Engels believed that social problems of the nineteenth century were unavoidable results of a capitalist-like economy.
- They stated that capitalism split the people into two classes, the capitalists and the proletariat. (capitalists owned the machinery and factories while the proletarians were the working class.
- They also stated that the police forces, courts of law, music, art, literature, and religion were in favor of the capitalists.
- According to this theory, this meant that private property had to go to create an equal society.
- If a socialist revolution were to occur in favor of the proletarians, Marx and Engels state that private property would be abolished, but the state would wither away.
- Marx created these views in a work called Capital.
- Marx also created a work with Engels called the Manifesto of the Communist Party.
- These doctrines dominated European and international socialism.
- The socialist parties grew quickly and were advocated by political parties, trade unions, newspapers, and educational associations.
- The socialists disagreed to reform society though.
- Socialists won control of the government in the Russian revolution of 1917.
- There were acts that were placed to regulate working conditions. (Factory Act of 1833, Mines Act of 1842)
- The Factory Act regulated hours and conditions of work for women and children in Britain.
- The Mines Act prohibited underground employment for women and boys under the age of ten.
- In the 1880s, under Otto von Bismarck, Germany introduced medical insurance, unemployment compensations, and retirement plans that would provide social security.
11. Summarize the global effects of Industrialism especially Japan and Russia.
-The Russian government promoted industrialization because they thought the use of railroads would be beneficial
-Many railroads were built throughout Russia, but the most important one was the trans-Siberian line that connected Moscow with a part of Vladivostock
-When Count Sergei Witte became a finance minister, he encouraged the reformation of commercial law that protected industries and supported the building of engineering schools
-He allowed foreign investors to come to Russia and inform the Russians about capitalism
-And by the time the 1900's came around, Russia was already producing half of the worlds oil
-They had a great reputation for steel production, in fact they were ranked fourth in the world
-Russia also had a large coal and iron industry
-The Japanese government hired thousands of foreign people to come and teach the Japanese people techniques about modern industry
- The government also decided it would be best to establish new businesses and schools that specialized in technology
-Railroads were constructed, mines were opened, a banking system was created and industries were producing ships, weapons, silk, cotton and chemicals
-Once businesses had been opened, the government would sell them to entrepreneurs that wanted to build on the businesses and turn them into big industrial empires.
-These industrial empires were called zaibatsu (similar to trusts and cartels)
-In the beginning of the 1900's, Japan was the most technologically advanced and industrialized land in Asia